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CBirds that dive underwater-such as penguins,gannets and pelicans-may be more likely to goextinct than their nondiving relatives,a new study reported in Proceedings of the Royal Society finds.Many waterbirds have evolved highly specialized bodies and behaviors that facilitate diving.Now,an analysis of the evolutionary history of more than 700 waterbird species shows that once a bird groupgains the ability to dive,the change is irreversible,which could help explain why diving birds have ahigher extinction rate compared with nondiving birds.“There are considerable morphological(形态学的)adaptations for diving..”says CatherineSheard,an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bristol in England.For instance,gannets andsome pelicans that dive into the water from the air have twists to the neck muscles and the bones in thechest.It's possible that some diving birds are evolving under an evolutionary "ratchet,"whereadaptations to use a certain food source or habitat encourage specialized.evolution.These birds maybecome trapped in their ways,increasing their risk of extinction.Evolutionary biologists Josh Tyler and Jane Younger investigated the evolution of diving in acollection of 727 waterbird species across 11 bird groups.They explored the link between diving andthe development of new species,or their extinction,in various bird lineages()Among 236 divingbird species,75,or 32 percent,were part of lineages that are experiencing 0.02 more species extinctionsper million years than the generation of new species.Bird lineages that don't dive,on the other hand,generated 0.1more new species per million years than the rate of species dying out."The more specialized you become,the more reliant you are on a particular diet,foraging()strategy or environment."says Tyler."The range of environments available for foraging is muchlarger for the nondiving birds than for the specialist divers,and this may play into their ability to adaptand thrive..”28.What does the underlined word "irreversible"in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Unexpected.B.Unchangeable.C.Unreal.D.Unwelcome.29.Why are "gannets and pelicans"mentioned in Paragraph 3?A.To present a fact.B.To illustrate a concept.C.To give a definition.D.To explain a phenomenon.30.What do we know about Josh Tyler and Jane Younger's study?A.Biologists got the results by comparison.B.Data were collected by observing waterbirds.C.32 diving bird species went extinct during the process.D.The aim is to build connection between diving and nondiving birds.31.Which of the following factors plays a role in nondiving birds'lower extinction rate?A.Wider habitat range.B.Quicker foraging speed.C.More food options.D.Stronger reproduction ability.